Glossary
anadromous species—Fish that spend most of their life in saltwater but migrate into freshwater to spawn.
benthic community/benthic organisms—Organisms that live in and on the bottom of the ocean floor.
CERCLA—The acronym for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) in 1986, often referred to as Superfund. The federal statute establishes liability for site cleanup, prescribes a procedure for identifying and ranking contaminated sites, provides a funding mechanism for site cleanups, reduces uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances, establishes cleanup procedures that provide protection for humans and the environment, and restores injured natural resources through provisions administered by the natural resource trustees.
chlor-alkali —The electrolysis process used in the manufacture of chlorine, hydrogen, sodium hydroxide (corrosive) solution.
compensatory restoration projects—Projects to compensate for interim losses of natural resources and the services they provide—from the time of injury until recovery is completed.
consumption advisory— A federal, state, or local government recommendation to avoid eating a certain fish, shellfish, or other organism because it is unsafe due to high levels of contamination.
cooperative assessments—Assessments that are done cooperatively after an oil spill or hazardous substance release by trustees and the party responsible for the incident. This cooperation generally results in faster, more efficient restoration of injured natural resources.
CWA/Clean Water Act—The law (also called the Federal Water Pollution Control Act) that established the programmatic and regulatory framework for restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters. The CWA generally prohibits discharges of oil and hazardous substances into coastal or ocean waters. The 1973 amendments mandated the development of a National Contingency Plan (NCP) that would "provide for efficient, coordinated and effective action to minimize damage from oil and hazardous substances discharges, including containment, dispersal, and removal of oil and hazardous substances." The NCP governs the actions of all federal agencies involved in responding to oil and hazardous material releases. It also defines roles for agencies that are natural resource trustees.
DARRP/Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program—A multi-office program within NOAA involving the National Ocean Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Office of General Counsel. DARRP scientists, economists, and attorneys conduct natural resource damage assessments of and restoration projects for coastal and marine resources injured by oil and hazardous material releases.
DDT/dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane—A chemical compound commonly used as a pesticide until it was banned in the U.S. in 1972. However, DDT is still used in other parts of the world. DDT remains in the environment for many decades, accumulates in living creatures, and poses health hazards to humans, wildlife, and fish.
DDTr/total DDT—The sum of six DDT-related compounds.
dioxins/furans—A group of highly toxic chemicals that are the byproduct of some industrial processes and incineration of plastics; they accumulate in living creatures and are known to cause cancer in humans.
EPA/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—A federal agency with the mission to protect human health and safeguard the environment.
fish/shellfish consumption advisory—See consumption advisory.
FWS/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service—An agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior with the mission to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of all people.
furans—See dioxins/furans.
habitat—Place where an animal or plant normally lives, often characterized by a dominant plant form or physical characteristic.
HEA/habitat equivalency analysis—A method developed by NOAA for estimating how much restoration is needed to compensate for the loss of natural resources and their services from the time they are injured until they are returned to the condition they would have been in had the injury not occurred.
hazardous substance—Substances identified as capable of posing "imminent and substantial danger to public health and welfare or the environment." CERCLA has identified more than 800 hazardous substances. The term does not include petroleum or natural gas.
injury—An observable or measurable adverse change—including destruction, loss, and loss of use—in a natural resource, or impairment of a natural resource service.
injury assessment and restoration planning—The second phase of a natural resource damage assessment. Trustees identify the injuries to natural resources and their services and use that information to determine the need for and amount of restoration.
marine debris—Human-created waste that has deliberately or accidentally been released in a lake, sea, ocean, or waterway.
marsh—An emergent wetland seasonally flooded or usually wet and often dominated by one or a few plant species. Marshes can be either freshwater or saltwater.
National Marine Sanctuaries—Marine areas protected by law, identified for their biodiversity, ecological integrity, and cultural legacy.
National Marine Sanctuary Act—Legislation designed to identify, designate, and manage areas of the marine environment that are of special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, educational, or aesthetic qualities.
natural resource services—Ecological and human services provided by natural resources that may be injured after an oil spill or hazardous substance release. Ecological services include flood control, sediment stabilization, and habitat. Human services include fishing, beachgoing, and wildlife viewing.
natural resource trustees (trustees)—Government officials who act on behalf of the public when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources as a result of a release of a hazardous substance or a discharge of oil. Trustees include the U.S. Departments of Commerce, Interior, Defense, Agriculture, and Energy; state agencies; and Native American tribes. NOAA is the lead federal trustee for coastal and marine resources.
NOAA/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—A U.S. Department of Commerce agency whose mission is to describe and predict changes in the earth's environment and to conserve and manage the nation's coastal and marine resources to ensure sustainable economic opportunities.
NOAA Trust Resources— NOAA resources are found in, under, or using waters navigable by deep draft vessels, tidally influenced waters, or waters of the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and the outer continental shelf. Examples include, commercial and regional fishery resources; migratory fish species; marine mammals; endangered and threated marine species and their habitats, and resources associated with National Marine Sanctuaries and National Estuarine Research Reserves.
NRDA/natural resource damage assessment—Investigation performed by trustees to identify and plan the restoration of natural resources injured by oil spills and hazardous substance releases. The goal of NRDA is to restore natural resources.
OPA/Oil Pollution Act of 1990—Legislation designed to prevent oil spills, ensure cleanup if spills occur, and restore natural resources injured by these spills.
nutrient cycling—The continuous cycling through an ecosystem of minerals, compounds, or elements that promote biological growth or development.
PAHs/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—A group of organic contaminants that are often the byproducts of petroleum processing or combustion. Many are toxic to aquatic life and several are suspected of causing cancer in humans.
PCBs/polychlorinated biphenyls—A class of chemicals previously used in manufacturing that remain in the environment for many decades, accumulate in living creatures, and pose health hazards to humans, wildlife, and fish.
preliminary assessment—The first step in a natural resource damage assessment, in which trustees determine whether injury to public trust resources has occurred or is likely to occur.
primary restoration projects—Projects to restore natural resources injured by oil or hazardous substance releases to the condition that would have existed if the incident had not occurred.
RAP/Rapid Assessment Program—A capability developed and supported by the Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program to collect perishable data and readily available information to determine the need for a natural resource damage assessment.
responsible parties/potentially responsible parties—The individuals, companies, or government agencies responsible (or potentially responsible) for an oil spill, hazardous substance release, or ship grounding incident.
restoration—The goal of a natural resource damage assessment, which involves rehabilitating, replacing, or acquiring the equivalent of injured natural resources and the services they provided. Restoration includes both primary and compensatory restoration projects.
restoration banking - An arrangement where natural resource trustees agree to recognize and accept restoration credits produced by a third party, in lieu of payment of funds by the settling party, or, in lieu of promises by the settling party to perform restoration work. Restoration banking arrangements may also cover situations where trustees directly purchase restoration credits generated by third party projects using funds separately recovered from potentially responsible parties (PRP). The restoration project producing the credits is often referred to as a restoration bank, and may consist of a project or projects developed by one or a group of PRPs who produce more restoration credits than required to satisfy their own liability. It may also consist of a project or projects developed by a non-PRP third party, as an intended profit-making venture, or to serve other goals.
sediments—Loose particles of sand, clay, silt, and other substances that settle at the bottom of a water body. They come from eroding soil and from decomposing plants and animals. Wind, water, and ice often carry these particles great distances. Many sediments in rivers, lakes, and oceans are contaminated by pollutants, such as DDT and PCBs.
settlement—An agreement between natural resource trustees and responsible parties that specifies the terms under which liability is resolved.
slag—stony wate matter separated from metals during the smelting or refining of ore.
Superfund site—An uncontrolled or abandoned place where hazardous waste is located, possibly affecting local ecosystems or people. Sites are listed on the National Priorities List for evaluation and cleanup by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. See also: CERCLA.
SVOCs/semi-volatile organic compounds—A group of hazardous chemicals that accumulate in sediments and living creatures; PCBs, dioxins, and some pesticides are SVOCs.
TCDD—2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; a toxic chemical that can be unintentionally released during the manufacture of certain chemicals. TCDD accumulates in living creatures, causes deformities in animals, and is classified as a probable cause of cancer in humans.
TCE—trichloroethylene; an industrial solvent associated with cancer in both humans and wildlife.
trustees—See natural resource trustees.
U.S. Coast Guard—A federal agency that responds to oil and hazardous substance releases and cleans up or contains the release in an effort to protect public health and the environment.
user-days—One person's use of a recreational resource (e.g., beach, park, etc.) for any portion of a day. User-days are sometimes used to help quantify lost recreational services due to natural resource injuries.
VOCs/volatile organic compounds—A group of chemicals that evaporate or vaporize readily and are harmful to human health and the environment.
wetlands—Transitional areas between uplands and water that are subject to periodic flooding or prolonged saturation and contain specific plant communities and soil types. Wetlands can be classified as either tidal (within the reach of the tides) or nontidal. Both serve important ecological functions.